4 Things That Define Minerals

In the field of geology, you will often hear a variety of terms including the word mineral. What are minerals, exactly? They are any substance that meets these four specific qualities: Minerals are natural: These substances that form without any human help.Minerals are solid: They dont droop or melt or evaporate.Minerals are inorganic: They arent carbon compounds like those found in living things.Minerals are crystalline: They have a distinct recipe and arrangement of atoms. Despite that, though, there are still some exceptions to these criteria. Unnatural Minerals Until the 1990s, mineralogists could propose names for chemical compounds that formed during the breakdown of artificial substances...things found in places like industrial sludge pits and rusting cars. That loophole is now closed, but there are minerals on the books that arent truly natural. Soft Minerals Traditionally and officially, native mercury is considered a mineral, even though the metal is liquid at room temperature. At about -40 C, though, it solidifies and forms crystals like other metals. So there are parts of Antarctica where mercury is unimpeachably a mineral. For a less extreme example, consider the mineral ikaite, a hydrated calcium carbonate that forms only in cold water. It degrades into calcite and water above 8 C. It is significant in the polar regions, the ocean floor, and other cold places, but you cant bring it into the lab except in a freezer. Ice is a mineral, even though it isnt listed in the mineral field guide. When ice collects in large enough bodies, it flows in its solid state -- thats what glaciers are. And salt (halite) behaves similarly, rising underground in broad domes and sometimes spilling out in salt glaciers. Indeed, all minerals, and the rocks they are part of, slowly deform given enough heat and pressure. Thats what makes plate tectonics possible. So in a sense, no minerals are really solid except maybe diamonds. Other minerals that arent quite solid are instead flexible. The mica minerals are the best-known example, but molybdenite is another. Its metallic flakes can be crumpled like aluminum foil. The asbestos mineral chrysotile  is stringy enough to weave into cloth. Organic Minerals The rule that minerals must be inorganic may be the strictest one. The substances that make up coal, for instance, are different kinds of hydrocarbon compounds derived from cell walls, wood, pollen, and so on. These are called macerals instead of minerals. If coal is squeezed hard enough for long enough, the carbon sheds all its other elements and becomes graphite. Even though it is of organic origin, graphite is a true mineral with carbon atoms arranged in sheets. Diamonds, similarly, are carbon atoms arranged in a rigid framework. After some four billion years of life on Earth, its safe to say that all the worlds diamonds and graphite are of organic origin even if they arent strictly speaking organic. Amorphous Minerals A few things fall short in crystallinity, hard as we try. Many minerals form crystals that are too small to see under the microscope. But even these can be shown to be crystalline at the nanoscale using the technique of X-ray powder diffraction, though, because X-rays are a super-shortwave type of light that can image extremely small things. Having a crystal form means that the substance has a chemical formula. It might be as simple as halites (NaCl) or complex like  epidotes (Ca2Al2(Fe3, Al)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)), but if you were shrunk to an atoms size, you could tell what mineral you were seeing by its molecular makeup and arrangement. A few substances fail the X-ray test. They are truly glasses or colloids, with a fully random structure at the atomic scale. They are amorphous, scientific Latin for formless. These get the honorary name mineraloid. Mineraloids are a small club of about eight members, and thats stretching things by including some organic substances (violating criterion 3 as well as 4).

Apol 104 Secular Humanisn and Christianity - 917 Words

Secular Humanism and Christianity I. Part One: Secular Humanism 1. The Question of Origin A humanist rejects any existence and or thought of God and is believed that modern science can answer the question of how life began. â€Å"Atheists†¦propose the idea that God is not necessary for life or morals, and the answer to mankind’s existence is found only in nature itself† (Weider Gutierrez. 2011, p56). They believe that the entire universe as well as life is simply by coincidence and that lucky for us, nonliving matter turned to living cells which eventually led to humankind; also known as Darwin’s theory. 2. The Question of Identity Humanists are always seeking primary truth through experiment and observation. They also†¦show more content†¦Man decides for himself what is right and wrong, and is given the will to change his mind at any point. This goes hand in hand with the whole humanist belief and that man is in control of his own destiny as well as the principles he chooses to live by daily. 5. The Question of Destiny Humanists believe that this world and this life is all we have. Once this â€Å"machine† (the body) breaks down and dies, death is the final and there is nothing more beyond that. Once the body starts decomposing, all that remains or they suggests lives on, is the impact they left on loved ones and through their culture (Weider Gutierrez, 2011, p64). II. Part One: Secular Humanism vs. Christian Worldview 1. The Question of Origin In contrast to the humanist’s worldview that everything happened by chance, Christians believe that from the beginning, everything that exists, including humans was the result of God. Now Christians do believe in micro-evolution, also known as adaption, where an animal can endure some changes to help itself adapt to a different condition, but will never form into a different species. There is still no scientific evidence that can prove otherwise. God made sure of this when he was creating all living things that he kept all species â€Å"according to its kind† (Genesis 1:21-25). 2. The Question of Identity As opposed to the humanist view where we are nothing more then an highly developed animal, the Bible teaches us

Health Economics Modern Technologies

Question: Write about theHealth Economicsfor Modern Technologies. Answer: Introduction Healthcare sector is one of the rapidly growing sectors in the society, also being the most essential industry. With the rapid growth in the industry as well as in technology, it is important for the healthcare sector to adopt the modern technologies, such that it can keep up with the pace of the world. This essay highlights the features of the healthcare technologies that makes them being adopted easily, along with the features that is likely to make them adopted most slowly. Features of the HealthcareTechnologies that Assist in Adopting them Most Quickly The healthcare sector needs to be one of the most advanced sectors in the society, as it takes care of the health of the people. The features of the healthcare technology that assists them to be adopted easily includes the extensive use of information technology in the healthcare systems. The features are as follows: Accuracy: The advancement in technology in the healthcare sector ensures that the accuracy in measurement of the various body parameters are achieved (Cao et al. 2014). The accuracy in measurement and count is one of the essential features of the healthcare technologies, since miscalculation will hamper the health of the patients. This feature is achieved as an advantage over the manual healthcare systems. Thus, accuracy helps the healthcare technologies to be adopted quickly. Automation: The feature of automation of the healthcare devices and the hand held devices has made it easily adaptable. Manual devices did the measurement of the body parameters such as pressure and heart beat previously (Gao et al. 2015). However, with automation, the patients are able to measure their own pressure and rate of heartbeat with ease. Efficiency: With the advancement in healthcare technology, efficenecy has been achieved. Earlier, the manual errors made the results of the various pathological tests erroneous. However, the use of information technology in the healthcare technology resulted in achievement of efficiency in the test results. Thus, manual errors are eliminated, making the healthcare technologies more acceptable easily (Gronvall and Verdezoto 2013). Incorporation of bots: The incorporation of the nanobots in the blood is one of the trending technologies in the healthcare sector. These nanobots are put in the blood, that functions as the white blood cells of the human beings and other pathogens for patients whose blood lacks the normal functioning (Hoyt and Yoshihashi 2014). This kind of innovation in the healthcare technology helps it to be adopted very quickly. Robotic stimulators: The use of robotic stimulators in the healthcare technologies helps it to be adoptable very easily. The robotic fight stimulator is widely use for patients suffering from cancer. These stimulators are designed in such a manner that they are able to fight against the cancerous cells. This feature of the healthcare technology is easily adopted due to its utility. Mobility of the devices: The mobility of the devices makes the devices hand held and easily useable by the users. Hence, the feature of mobility encourages the users to make it more adoptable (Legare and Witteman 2013). Ease of use: The healthcare devices come with a user-friendly interface and ease to use features. This makes the healthcare technologies useable. The ease of use is another feature that makes the healthcare technologies used widely in the healthcare sector (Lindberg et al. 2013). Features of the Healthcare Technologies that Assist in Adopting them Most Slowly Though there are various features of the healthcare technologies that makes them more likely to be adopted very quickly, there are certain features as well, that contradicts the quick adoption. These are as follows: Security: One of the major concerns that are raised in the use of healthcare technologies is the security issues. Since the healthcare devices deal with sensitive and confidential data of the patients, hence security and confidentiality of data is essential. This feature makes the healthcare technologies likely to be adopted very slowly. Data privacy and regulation: The data privacy and regulation is often not abided by the healthcare technologies. Moreover, the devices of the health care sector are often easily hacked since they are not provided with data security and privacy features (Olson et al. 2013). Thus, lack of security makes the health technologies likely to be adopted slowly. Lack of cost effectiveness: The cost effectiveness is not achieved by the use of the healthcare technologies. This results in the healthcare technologies being adopted slowly. Thus, the adoptability is decelerated by the lack of cost effectiveness. Lack of durability: The durability of the healthcare technologies and devices are short. The devices are short lived are easily malfunctioned with excessive use among various users. Thus, a large amount of money is used over the healthcare technologies that are short lived, thus making it less likely to be used. Unable to detect erroneous devices: Since the healthcare sector is becoming more and more dependent on the technologies, hence devices with factory errors need to be detected (Shin et al. 2016). However, it is quite impossible to detect if the healthcare devices are erroneous from the factory itself. Use of such devices will be a complete misguide for the patients as well as doctors. Thus, the lack of efficient detection of erroneous devices is a feature that is likely to make the healthcare technologies adoptable slowly. Conclusion Healthcare technologies need to have the feature of advanced technologies that assists them to be adopted easily. The features of the healthcare technologies that makes it easily adoptable includes the features such as automation, accuracy, efficiency, use of bots, robotic stimulation. These enhances the use of healthcare technologies. However, there of some features of the healthcare technologies that makes it less likely to be easily adoptable. These features include the lack of security, lack of data privacy of the sensitive data, as well as lack of cost effectiveness. Thus, the barriers to the use of the healthcare technologies are to be removed, such that the society might be able to utilise the full advantage of the healthcare technologies. References Cao, Q., Jones, D.R. and Sheng, H., 2014. Contained nomadic information environments: technology, organization, and environment influences on adoption of hospital RFID patient tracking.Information Management,51(2), pp.225-239. Gao, Y., Li, H. and Luo, Y., 2015. An empirical study of wearable technology acceptance in healthcare.Industrial Management Data Systems,115(9), pp.1704-1723. Grnvall, E. and Verdezoto, N., 2013, September. Beyond self-monitoring: understanding non-functional aspects of home-based healthcare technology. InProceedings of the 2013 ACM international joint conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing(pp. 587-596). ACM. Hoyt, R.E. and Yoshihashi, A.K., 2014.Health Informatics: Practical guide for healthcare and information technology professionals. Lulu. com. Lgar, F. and Witteman, H.O., 2013. Shared decision making: examining key elements and barriers to adoption into routine clinical practice.Health Affairs,32(2), pp.276-284. Lindberg, B., Nilsson, C., Zotterman, D., Sderberg, S. and Skr, L., 2013. Using information and communication technology in home care for communication between patients, family members, and healthcare professionals: a systematic review.International journal of telemedicine and applications,2013. Olson, S.A., Obremskey, W.T. and Bozic, K.J., 2013. Healthcare technology: physician collaboration in reducing the surgical cost.Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research,471(6), pp.1854-1864. Shin, J., Kim, Y., Nam, H. and Cho, Y., 2016. Economic evaluation of healthcare technology improving the quality of social life: the case of assistive technology for the disabled and elderly.Applied Economics,48(15), pp.1361-1371.

Architecture of India - A Sample Essay

Question: Write a research essay on "Architecture of India". Answer: The architecture of British India represented and promoted a civilizing influence upon India The architecture of India not only represents the culture of India but also the culture of other countries. According to Dutta (2003), the British Government reigned in India more than 300 years. Therefore, it can be easily assumed that the architecture of India is duly influenced by British culture. Through the evidence lied in the research articles it is found that the progress of Indian architecture with time is influenced by other religions and countries (Herrmann 2010). The British culture enriched Indian architecture throughout the time and made it considerably civilized. According to Roberts (2000), the incorporation of Eastern tradition, in turn, enriched the modern values in Indian culture and helped India to transform into a modern nation state. The British East India Company arrived in India in early 1615 and reigned in India till the middle of 1947 (Faught 2013). During this period the major cities grew under the British ruling; therefore, their cultures, as well as archi tecture, was also enriched by the British Colonial Architecture. The word Colonial Architecture is very significant since this term consists of two words, one is colonial and refers to Colonial India" and the other one is "Architecture", which emphasizes the way "something is designed" (Des  2012). According to James (2010), The Colonial India is considered as the part of Indian sub continent, which was under the influence of European colonial power and demonstrate the architectures of British India that represented civilizing influence upon India. The history of British architecture in India can be traced back from the later Mughal times. In this period, a political anarchy took place in the history of Indian sociology. After the defeat of Tipu Sultan (Mysore) in 1799 the British Empire gained all the power and became most powerful political power (Desai 2010). Roughly from this moment the journey of British architecture began. With the elevated power, the British Government had the responsibilities to govern territories under their control and to be viewed as a civilized force by the common people of India (Yelle 2012). According to the research study of Chang (2011), it is recognized that the Military Board of English East India Company contributed most to build eminent architectures in India. Most of the secular architecture that builds up by the Military Board of English East India Company is forts, mess and barracks for soldiers as well as other assorted buildings (Barrett 2011). However, the British Government in India a lso realized that some more authoritative was needed in order to assert British Dominance. Therefore, they started establishing their town halls and houses influenced by their self-styled "pattern-book" (Anderson 2011). In fact, the history of "British architecture in India" reveals that they always followed their pattern book and tried to civilize the Indian culture by merging both of them. The architectural style of British is scattered in all over India, which may include Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi and Chennai (Crinson 2013). According to Stern (2011), it is recognized that the element used by the early British rule comprised different elements such as wood structure, stone structures, and bricks. However, with time the materials, as well as the style of architecture, were also changed. Renowned British victory general like Robert Clive played very important role in order to build architectural wonders in the major cities of India (Sen 2010). In this period, India witnessed the shipping of British skilled architectures that were equipped with clever motives as well as brilliant designs to develop British power architecture in India (Herbert 2012). In this context, it is important to mention that the British architectural design was hugely appreciated by Indian Kings or Princes. In many cities, the establishment of British archeology was indulged by the higher class In dian people. According to Herbert (2012), the architectural development in Kolkata was hugely influenced by the British government. The evidence of powerful British colonization is overwhelming in Kolkata (Stern 2011). The researchers stated that the reconstruction of Kolkata has been performed in the time of British ruling and admired as one of the most modern cities in India. Under the English administration, Kolkata was the erstwhile capital paving the way of architectural reconstruction (Chang 2011). One of the best British architecture in Kolkata is Victoria Memorial Hall, which was build up by Sir William Emerson (1843-1924). The supervising architect was Vincent Jerome Esch (1876-1950). According to Dutta (2003) Lord Curzon stated, Let us, therefore, have a building, stately, spacious, monumental and grand, to which every newcomer in Calcutta will turn, to which all the resident population, European and Native, will flock, where all classes will learn the lessons of history, and see revive d before their eyes the marvels of the (James 2010). On the other hand, St. Andrews was established in 1818, which was designed by Gibbs for St Martin-in-the-Fields in LondonsTrafalgar Square is known as the Scottish Kirk. One of the most eminent British architect William Nairn Forbes (1796-1855) designed St Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata. According to Sen (2010), in Victorian age St. Pauls Cathedral is the first Anglican Cathedral. Apart from these other famous Victorian architectures that can be found in Kolkata are the Asiatic Society of Bengal, The Indian Museum, Garrison Church, the High Court and St. Johns Church: The Thackerays Church (Morris 1983). All of this renowned architecture not only helped in the beautification of Kolkata but also contributed to the civilization. The Asiatic Society of Bengal was the base of developing knowledge. The other cities were also enriched by the British architectures. Delhi is one of the most civilized cities where British Empire builds their most eminent buildings (Roberts 2010). One of the most beautiful and significant architecture prepared by the British Architecture is All-India War Memorial Arch, which is also famous as India Gate. This great architecture is one of Lutyens great memorials and reflects Indo Saracenic Style (Dutta 2003). Apart from India Gate, the British architecture also builds Durbar Memorial, Mutiny Memorial, Old Town Hall and different Army barracks as well as offices in Red Fort, Delhi (Sen 2010). One of the most interesting architectures developed by the British architect is St. James Church, which is also known as Skinners Church. The design of this church is somehow unique as it also reflects a combination of Gothic culture and British modern culture. This church was badly damaged during the period of Sepoy Mutiny (Crinson 2013). This beautiful archite cture witnessed bitter fighting and still reflects the glorious days of British Empire in India. The arts, sculptures and painting used by the British architectures to decorate this church are magnificent (Barrett 2011). Most of these churches and halls designed by the British architects were mostly decorated with Italian marbles. On the other hand, St. Stephen's is considered as a beautiful exception of the traditional style of British culture. This beautiful church, in Old Delhi, was made with red brick and sandstone. The inner wall of the church is designed with painted or carved white stone trim. Another example of exceptional architecture mind of the British Government is Flagstaff Tower (in Old Delhi), which was build in 1828. This building was made of red sandstone (Anderson 2011). This beautiful tower is not only popular for its unique design and beauty but also its contribution to a "safe house" for the sick and wounded people. During the Sepoy Mutiny (1857), this tower bec ome, "the general rendezvous for the non-combatants, and for those of the sick and wounded who were able to move about, as they could assemble there and hear the news from the front without much risk of injury from the enemy's fire (Roberts, 2000). Therefore, it is evident that this beautiful architect buildings made by the British not only contributed to civilize the Indian culture but also contributed in the daily life of the common people. On the other hand, it is also found in the research study of Crinson (2013), in the period of 19th century; these churches (Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai) were the center of spreading knowledge. Most of the modern schools were established in India with the support of the local churches (Herrmann 2010). In the context of the civilization of Indian culture, it is also important to mention that the British architecture builds not only great buildings but also made several roads and pedestal, which can also be considered as a great contributi on to the Indian civilization. An example of another beautiful example of British architect is the Glass House in Lal Bagh Botanical Gardens, Bangalore, India (Faught 2013). This beautiful Glass House was first proposed by the Superintendent of the Botanical Gardens, John Cameron in 1874. This building was constructed in 1889 and restored by the Indian government in 2004 (Des  2012). This beautiful building was constructed to honor Price Albert Victor (grandson of Queen Victoria) in his first visit to Bangalore. This building was designed and inspired by the Crystal Palace and a symbol of promoting civilization in India. Another eminent architect, which promotes the civilizing in India, is the Flora Fountain in Mumbai. This beautiful fountain was constructed of Poland stone and inaugurated in 1869. Surprisingly this fountain was not curved by the British engineers but by the renowned Scottish sculptor, James Forsyth (1827-1910). Jan Morris (1983) describes the Flora Fountain as, a figure of the Roman goddess Fl ora, attended by less explicit figures of myth..one of the oddest of all legacies. Apart from the buildings, fountains or arches, it is recognized that the British Government also built several colleges and libraries, and those buildings were constructed following copy book British style. One of the most eminent colleges built by the British Government is The Presidency College in Madras. This beautiful building also promoted civilizing influence in India (Barrett 2011). Although most of the buildings constructed or designed by the British Government promoted civilizing influence in India, it is also found that buildings and sculptures created in the time of Mughal period were also contributed to the civilization as well as beautification of India. According to Anderson (2011), most of the buildings or sculptures constructed by the British Government were situated in the cities and not in the rural part of India. Therefore, the term civilizing contradicts in the context of improving the living quality of the common people in India. However these buildings from different aspect helped in the beautification of the country and promoted "civilizing." In fact after the independence, a large number of Indian engineers studied in England and other European countries and applied their knowledge to construct more beautiful buildings in India, which reflects British culture (Yelle 2012). These buildings, monuments and fountains were deeply adored by the elite groups in India and become a symbol of Civilization. In the period of the 19th century, the architectural development in India took a new shape as the British Government started focusing to develop styled bungalow architecture from a plain native styled common thatched hut. The significant advancement of the British technology and architecture and their improvisations was helpful to change the definition of civilizing in India. The theme of the British constructions has a classical and classical look. According to Desai (2010), the monuments constructed by the British Military in India were predominated by guidelines followed by the British architects in England. Kolkata, Chennai, and Delhi are the foremost cities where the British Government built the churches, which reflects their classical and Gothic architecture style. The British Government not only built churches, monuments or buildings but also built up schools and colleges in order to spread their thought and education among the common Indian people. On the other hand, it is al so found that the British Government not only constructed buildings or monuments by following their own style but also cherished Indian art and crafts, which were build in Mughal period. Therefore, it can be said that the Indian culture and architecture were enriched by the British architects and promoted the civilizing influence in India. Reference Anderson, Michael. "Public nuisance and private purpose: Policed environments in British India, 1860-1947."SOAS School of Law Research Paper05 (2011). Barrett, Anthony A., and Rhodri Windsor Liscombe.Francis Rattenbury and British Columbia: Architecture and Challenge in the Imperial Age. UBC Press, 2011. Chang, Jiat Hwee, and Anthony D. King. "Towards a genealogy of tropical architecture: Historical fragments of power knowledge, built environment and climate in the British colonial territories."Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography32, no. 3 (2011): 283-300. Crinson, Mark.Empire building: Orientalism and Victorian architecture. Routledge, 2013. Desai, Miki. "VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE TO LEARN ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA."ArchNet-IJAR4 (2010). Des , M dhav, Madhavi Desai, Miki Desai, and Jon Lang.The bungalow in twentieth-century India: the cultural expression of changing ways of life and aspirations in the domestic architecture of colonial and post-colonial society. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2012. Dutta, Krishna.Calcutta: a cultural and literary history. Vol. 12. Signal Books, 2003. Faught, C. Brad.Clive: Founder of British India. Potomac Books, Inc., 2013. Herbert, Eugenia W.Flora's empire: British gardens in India. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. Herrmann, Moritz. "Colonial Architecture in India." (2010). James, Lawrence.Raj: the making and unmaking of British India. Hachette UK, 2010. Morris, Jan.Stones of Empire: The Buildings of the Raj. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983. Roberts, Frederick.Forty-One Years in India. Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 2000. Sen, Siddhartha. "Between dominance, dependence, negotiation, and compromise: European architecture and urban planning practices in colonial India."Journal of Planning History9, no. 4 (2010): 203-231. Stern, Philip J.The company-state: Corporate sovereignty and the early modern foundations of the British empire in India. Oxford University Press, 2011. Yelle, Robert A.The language of disenchantment: Protestant literalism and colonial discourse in British India. Oxford University Press, 2012.

Apocolypse Now Reaction Paper essays

Apocolypse Now Reaction Paper essays The Heart of Darkness was written in 1903 by Joseph Conrad and the words became flesh in Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now released in 1979. His artisan vision was able to raise the poetry of Conrads story and speak them in a language that we dont want to understand, but inherently do. The canonical novel is brought to life in a radical and political translation that makes Conrads Marlow even more than a hero; he is now Coppolas brand of Jesus Christ sent on a mission by the United States army to kill the anti-American antichrist Colonel Kurtz. How does an audience relate to a man who is already dead to the world? We dont know much about the journey that has taken him to where he resides at the start of the story, but we understand that he is a man who has already seen things that have emotionally dismembered him. Martin Sheens Captain Willard has already lost the life he once lived before we catch up with him in his Saigon hotel room: since being stationed in Vietnam during the war, his wife has left him, his mission has ended and he no longer fits into society because of his experiences in the war. We, the audience, empathize with Willard because we have either lived through a war or have fought in a war. We have compassion for Willard because we have created him and hes died emotionally for our sins. The Conrad novel prepares and foreshadows his hero, Marlowe, in his dealings at the Company Office. Greeted by the women knitting black wool, who sit calmly outside of the office like sentries, he finds out that the men who have passed this way do not return. Willard is also given a taste of what is to come in his meeting at Army Headquarters. He sits down to a feast of the grotesque, a last supper before beginning his mission. While the guests take stabs at the bloody beef, a tape is played with a mans voice describing the way a slug slim...

Tips for Treating Titles of People

Tips for Treating Titles of People Tips for Treating Titles of People Tips for Treating Titles of People By Mark Nichol Civil titles (Mr., Mrs., and Ms.) have become largely archaic and superfluous in written communication, and Dr. is usually unnecessary, too and, in the case of someone who earned a doctorate, is often seen as a disingenuous affectation. (When necessary, follow the person’s name with PhD instead). A doctor with a medical degree is better identified by a brief reference to his or her specialty or the specific medical degree earned (â€Å"cardiologist Thomas Johnson† or â€Å"Thomas Johnson, MD†). Even in fiction, civil titles are of questionable value except in dialogue or in a narrative reference for example, when conversationally referring to the town general practitioner in a novel with a rural setting. People with professional titles by virtue of affiliation with politics, education, religion, the military, and such may be identified as such on first reference (â€Å"President Linda Thompson,† â€Å"Professor John O’Brien,† â€Å"Reverend Andrew Morris,† â€Å"Captain Jane Long†), but, as with civil titles, there’s no reason to subsequently use the title before the name, unless, like the rural doctor, the person is a character being mentioned or hailed in a story. Most titles have an abbreviated form, but though these are commonly used in journalistic contexts, they’re generally unnecessary (except, perhaps, when space is at a minimum, such as in a table with narrow columns). Military abbreviations consist of all capital letters, but references in civilian contexts need not follow suit. In the case of members of legislative bodies, it is sometimes necessary to identify the level of office, such as when mentioning politicians from various countries or comparing state and federal governance. In such cases, Senator James Smith should be referred to as â€Å"US senator James Smith†; note how senator is lowercased because it is now part of the epithet â€Å"US senator† and is not an official title. This transformation is also applicable when referring to, for example, â€Å"state senator Mary Jones† or â€Å"California senator Mary Jones,† even though, under different circumstances, she would be identified simply as â€Å"Senator Mary Jones.† This style variation should be used consistently in a given publication but need not be maintained in every issue of a periodical or every update to a Web site, unless it’s necessary to do so to perpetuate the distinction. Ultimately, when deciding whether to precede names with titles, let common sense be your guide; it is a courtesy to include them on first reference, but it is superfluous do so in every instance. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 17 Patterns of Sentence StructureTreatment of Words That Include â€Å"Self†

Security is a major problem with the Internet Essay

Security is a major problem with the Internet - Essay Example The internet has become so huge that it is now nearly impossible to keep a check on all the activity that goes on in the internet. What are these threats The most common security threats of using the computer are hacking, phishing, viruses, worms, spam, and spyware. According to Victor Sabadash, Hacking is unauthorized use of computer or network resources. (2004) This includes hacking into other people's computers and also hacking other people's passwords. This has become very common nowadays. According to Symantec Software Solutions, new threats have increased from 125243 to 711912 from 2006 to 2007. This is a 468 percent increase in just one year. (Business Standard, 2008) These figures show why this is a major problem with the internet. You can make your computer safe by installing a firewall on to it. A firewall is a program that detects unauthorized users who try to hack into your computer and it stops that activity. Phishing is uses emails to ask for personal information by using the names of reputable organizations for example Citibank etc. This fools people into giving their personal information to these hackers. These hackers use this information for financial theft, identity loss, and fraud. (Russel Kay, 2004) Symantec has seen 87963, which is a 167 percent increase, in phishing hosts in just the last sic months of 2007. (Business Standard, 2008) This increase also proves how security is a major problem of internet. The only way phishing can be avoided is to understand the occurrence of this and think before giving out your password and other personal information online. You can also check the reliability of the source of the website.A Computer virus is a program which replaces itself or attaches itself to other programs in an individuals computer without the knowledge of the owner. These infect the computer in different ways. Sometimes viruses are not noticeable while sometimes they can de stroy the hard drive. Worms are something similar to a virus. It is a program which usually proliferates through network connections. It needs a host program, otherwise it would not be able to function. (Markus Hanhisalo) In 2003, $55 billion was spent on cost of computer viruses by businesses. (Cyberoam, 2004) There are different anti viruses nowadays that deal with all sorts of viruses. Installing these anti viruses onto your computer can help you detect and delete the virus before it spreads and destroys the PC. Email is the cheapest way to pass a message to many people at the same time. Spam unwanted emails that come into your email inbox which you refer to as junk mail. These mail usually promote products and sometimes even ask for personal information, for example credit card number etc., in the email. These emails were only a nuisance but now viruses are spread through this and phishing is also becoming common because of this. The statistics show that spam is increasing. According to a source, 92.3 percent of emails sent in the first three months of 2008 were all spam and 23300 spam related web sites are discovered everyday. (Robert Jaques, 2008) This is why spam is becoming a major problem for internet security. Spywares are programs that are installed onto one's computer without his permission. These programs basically spy on the activities that take